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Prevalence of Diarrhoea Disease Among Infants in an Urban and a Rural Local Government Area in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Comparative Study
Azuike Emmanuel Chukwunonye,
Nwabueze Simeon Achunam,
Adinma Echendu Dolly,
Udedibia Ifeanyi Ndubuisi,
Onyemachi Prince Ezenwa,
Igwebike Uchenna Nwanneka,
Aniemena Reginald Chidozie,
Ezenyeaku Chijioke Amara,
Emerenini Ikenna
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
56-60
Received:
10 March 2016
Accepted:
21 March 2016
Published:
5 April 2016
Abstract: Introduction: Diarrhoea is the 10th most common cause of infant morbidity and mortality in the developing countries, though it is regarded as a minor illness in developed countries. The burden of diarrhoea in the developing world has been estimated by the world health organisation (WHO) to be about 1.7x109 episodes of diarrhoea with 4.4 million children per year. This accounts for 15 to 30% of total outpatient visits in many paediatrics clinics. Aim: To determine the prevalence of diarrhoea disease among infants and compare the risk factors for diarrhoea in infants in the two Local Government Areas (LGAs). Methodology: This was a comparative cross-sectional study. An interviewer-administered, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was utilized. Data was analysed using SPSS Version 20. Frequencies and percentages were presented in tables. Chi square test of independence was used to determine association between qualitative variables. Level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Result: Two hundred and ninety one respondents participated in this study. There were 143 respondents in the urban LGA and 148 respondents in the rural LGA. In the urban LGA, Out of the 143 infants, 73 (51.0%) were males while 70 (49.0%) were females. Also in the rural LGA there were more males (50.7%). This difference was not statistically significant. Out of 143 respondents in the urban LGA 65 (45.5%) has had diarrhoea but in the rural LGA, out of 148 respondents, 95 (64.2%) have had diarrhoea. This difference was statistically significant. In the urban LGA 46.2% of the mothers whose infants have had diarrhoea practiced exclusive breast feeding, while in the rural LGA only 26.3% of the mothers whose infants have had diarrhoea practiced exclusive breast feeding. This difference was not statistically significant. Among the mothers of the urban infants that have had diarrhoea, 93.8% reported that they practice hand washing after handling child’s faeces, but in the rural LGA, only 80.0% reported that they practice hand washing. This difference was statistically significant. Among the urban mothers whose infants had diarrhoea, 92.3% wash their hands before meals, but among the rural mothers, only 89% wash their hands before meals. This difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Diarrhoea prevalence was higher among infants in the rural LGA. Exclusive breastfeeding was practiced more in the urban than in the rural LGA. We recommended that health education should be intensified in the rural areas.
Abstract: Introduction: Diarrhoea is the 10th most common cause of infant morbidity and mortality in the developing countries, though it is regarded as a minor illness in developed countries. The burden of diarrhoea in the developing world has been estimated by the world health organisation (WHO) to be about 1.7x109 episodes of diarrhoea with 4.4 million chi...
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Trend of HIV Prevalence in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic at Faith Alive Foundation and Hospital, Jos, Plateau State
Anyaka Charles,
Ocheke Amaka,
Oyebode Tinuade,
Isichei Mercy,
Anyaka Ifechi,
Isichei Christian
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
61-64
Received:
8 February 2016
Accepted:
21 February 2016
Published:
8 April 2016
Abstract: Objective: HIV prevalence data from pregnant women who attended Antenatal Care Clinic over a five year period were used in the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV programmes and remain useful for Prevention, Care, Treatment and Support of pregnant women and ensuring that the goal of zero transmission is met. It also helped policy makers to take appropriate action in HIV/AIDS programmes. Methodology: A descriptive study of pregnant women presenting for the first time at the antenatal clinic of Faith Alive Foundation and Hospital, Jos from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014 was carried out. Information regarding age, gestational age at booking, parity and HIV sero status of the clients were analyzed. Screening test was carried out in a serial two step approach using determine and UNIGOLD as the confirmatory test while stat pack was the tie-breaker with discordant result. Positive samples were confirmed by western blot method. Result: A total of 1720 pregnant women were registered in the antenatal unit of Faith Alive Foundation and Hospital, Jos from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014. 120 were sero positive. The overall HIV prevalence rate was 6.9%. High prevalence rate were observed in those aged 20-39 years. There was a decline in HIV prevalence from 10.7% in 2010 to 6.8% in 2013 and 5.8% in 2014. Majority of the sero positive women booked early in pregnancy, within the 1st and 2nd trimesters from 77.8% in 2010 to 80% in 2014. Conclusion: A decline in HIV prevalence was observed during the five year period. The study also revealed that significant number of HIV positive antenatal women registered for antenatal care early. The overall HIV sero prevalence is still high. There is need to astronomically scale up our intervention approach against HIV infection.
Abstract: Objective: HIV prevalence data from pregnant women who attended Antenatal Care Clinic over a five year period were used in the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV programmes and remain useful for Prevention, Care, Treatment and Support of pregnant women and ensuring that the goal of zero transmission is met. It also helped pol...
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Impact of Vaccination on Measles Transmission Patterns in Gweru City, Zimbabwe, 1960-89
Tawanda Marufu,
Seter Siziya,
Willard Tinago
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
65-72
Received:
15 March 2016
Accepted:
25 March 2016
Published:
13 April 2016
Abstract: A study was carried out in Gweru urban district (population-158233) in Zimbabwe to determine the impact of measles vaccine applied at 9 months of age on measles transmission patterns. A retrospective observational study that used data from measles vaccination records and measles disease surveillance was conducted. Linear regression analysis and the chi-squared test for linear trend (χ2) were used to investigate linear relationships at a 5% significance level. Vaccine coverage rates were 0% in pre-vaccination era in 1960-70 and 2-92% in 1971-89 (median=65, Q1=34, Q3=88) when they significantly linearly increased (p<0.001). In 1960-85 measles incidence rates significantly linearly increased (p<0.001) while in 1986-89 at vaccine coverage rates of >90% incidence rates significantly linearly declined (p<0.001). Proportion of vaccinated cases among measles notifications significantly linearly increased as vaccine coverage rates increased (Slope: +1.19, 95% CI [0.52, 1.86]). At vaccine coverage rates of >80% (1984-89), proportion of vaccine failures among cases aged 60-119 months was significantly higher than at vaccine coverage rates of <80% (1971-83) (p=0.011) while in age group 10-59 months proportions of vaccine failures were not different at vaccine coverage rates of <80% and >80%. In age group 60-119 months incidence rates significantly linearly increased as vaccine coverage rates increased (Slope: +29.88, 95 CI [13.95, 45.82]). In pre-vaccination era, and at vaccine coverage rates of <80% and >80% some 75% of all reported measles cases occurred by age 36-47 months, 48-59 months and 72-83 months respectively. In conclusion, measles incidence rates declined at vaccine coverage rates of >90%, while measles vaccine failures significantly increased as vaccine coverage rates increased. Increasing measles vaccination coverage led to shift of age at infection from age group <59 months to age group 60-119 months and decline in rates of measles transmission.
Abstract: A study was carried out in Gweru urban district (population-158233) in Zimbabwe to determine the impact of measles vaccine applied at 9 months of age on measles transmission patterns. A retrospective observational study that used data from measles vaccination records and measles disease surveillance was conducted. Linear regression analysis and the...
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Influence of Community Based Counsellors and Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices in Ile – Ife, Nigeria
Olorunfemi Akinbode Ogundele,
Tolulope Ogundele
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
73-78
Received:
17 March 2016
Accepted:
28 March 2016
Published:
21 April 2016
Abstract: In spite of breastfeeding being almost universal in Nigeria, exclusive breastfeeding rate is low. Poor practices remain a major cause of neonatal and infant mortality. Community Integrated Management of Childhood illness (CIMCI) is a programme that employs the use of community based counsellors to address these challenges. The study assessed the effect of community based counsellor on breastfeeding practices of mothers and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in Ile-Ife, South-west, Nigeria. A comparative cross sectional study was conducted in two Local Government Areas (LGA) of Osun State, Nigeria. The study enrolled 722 mothers of index under five children through a multi stage cluster sampling techniques. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Approximately 94% of children in the CIMCI implementing LGA were exclusively breastfed compared to 76.1% in the non-implementing LGA (p<0.001). Maternal age, maternal education level, family size, Initiation of breastfeeding within an hour of birth and residence in CIMCI-implementing LGA were significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. It was concluded that community based counselling has a positive effect on breastfeeding practices. Community based ‘baby friendly’ breastfeeding initiative is suggested.
Abstract: In spite of breastfeeding being almost universal in Nigeria, exclusive breastfeeding rate is low. Poor practices remain a major cause of neonatal and infant mortality. Community Integrated Management of Childhood illness (CIMCI) is a programme that employs the use of community based counsellors to address these challenges. The study assessed the ef...
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Diagnostic Value of Homocysteine, Cystatin C and Lipid Indices in Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Status of Patients with Diabetes Type 2
Brown Holy,
Joshua Marcella Tari
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
79-84
Received:
7 April 2016
Accepted:
19 April 2016
Published:
3 May 2016
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycaemia and glycosuria due to defects in insulin secretion from the Islets of Langerhans and associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The imperativeness to assess effectiveness of various cardiovascular risk tools is critical with increasing rate of people with diabetes type 2. Study was aimed at the assessment and evaluation of the diagnostic relevance of homocysteine, Cystatin C, cardiovascular risk indices in the risk profile of cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A total of 165 patients were involved in the study, of which 100 were diabetic (test) and 65 non-diabetics (control). The diabetic subjects were those whose glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels were ≥ 6.5%. HbA1C was estimated quantitatively by immunochemical method, Homocysteine (Hcy), Cystatin C, Lipoprotein (a) (Lp (a) were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method; Glucose oxidase method was used for the determination of fasting plasma glucose (FBS). The results showed elevated serum homocysteine (Hcy), Lp (a) among the diabetics as compared to the non-diabetic subjects (p<0.05). The diabetic subjects also depicted higher Cystatin C (Cys C) levels, in the diabetic type 2 patients compared to the non-diabetic patients. The lipid profile levels in the diabetic subjects showed higher mean values of total cholesterol and triglycerides, (p < 0.05) as compared with the non-diabetic. The percentage risk predictive values of cardiovascular disease in the diabetic sub-population with these risk indices showed Hcy with a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 96.9% and an accuracy of 96.5% as compared to Cys C with a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 96.9%, accuracy of 95.9% also compared with that of Lp (a) with a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 95.5%. The level of accuracy of Hcy, Cys C and then Lp (a) amongst other indices showed that these diagnostic tools could provide better platform in cardiovascular risk profiling of T2DM patients and should be encouraged.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycaemia and glycosuria due to defects in insulin secretion from the Islets of Langerhans and associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The imperativeness to assess effectiveness of various cardiovascular risk tools is critical with increasing rate of people with diabetes type 2. Study was aimed ...
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Effectiveness of Clinician Client Centered Counseling on HIV Knowledge and Attitudes of Adult HIV/AIDS Patients Enrolled in Care in Yola, Nigeria: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Olutayo Folashade Martins,
Lekhraj Rampal,
Lye Munn-Sann,
Sherina Mohd Sidik,
Norlijah Othman,
Zubairu Iliyasu,
Fatai Kunle Salawu
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 3, May 2016
Pages:
85-94
Received:
13 April 2016
Accepted:
25 April 2016
Published:
11 May 2016
Abstract: This study assessed the effectiveness of a clinician client centered counseling on HIV knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS of adult HIV positive patients enrolled in care in Yola, Nigeria. The study was a 3 arm randomized single blind clinical trial involving 386 randomly selected and allocated adult HIV patients who were enrolled into ART at the 4 comprehensive ART sites in Yola. A clinician client centered training module was developed based on the Information Behavior and Motivation (IBM) Model. Nine Clinicians involved in ART care were trained with this module to deliver a 10 to 15 minutes clinic based intervention (Clinician Client Centered counseling). Intervention group 1 received two counseling sessions; at baseline and at 2 months. Intervention group 2 received one counseling session at baseline and the control group received routine care. An interviewer administered validated and structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was collected at baseline, 2 months and 6 months. Outcome measures were knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention and attitude towards HIVAIDS. Significant main effects for groups (F (2, 331) = 17.410, p = 0.0001), time (F (2) = 49.826, p = 0.0001, partial ἠ2 = 0.134) and group-time interaction (F (2, 331) = 4.239, p = 0.015, partial ἠ2 = 0.026) were seen for HIV knowledge scores. Significant main effects were seen for groups (F (2) =11.107, p = 0.021, partial ἠ2 = 0.065) and time (F (2) = 34.088, p = 0.0001, partial ἠ2 = 0.096) for HIV attitudes scores. Clinician client centered counseling is effective in improving knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS.
Abstract: This study assessed the effectiveness of a clinician client centered counseling on HIV knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS of adult HIV positive patients enrolled in care in Yola, Nigeria. The study was a 3 arm randomized single blind clinical trial involving 386 randomly selected and allocated adult HIV patients who were enrolled into ART at ...
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