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Human Papillomavirus Types and Cervical Cancer Vaccine for Sudanese Women: A Review
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
95-99
Received:
30 September 2019
Accepted:
28 October 2019
Published:
31 October 2019
Abstract: Cervical cancer is thought to result from different high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Although many studies have been conducted worldwide regarding HPV infection and its oncogenic properties, limited data are available on the incidence and genotype specific dissemination of HPV in Sudan. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the existing data regarding HPV genotypes in Sudan. To review the distribution of HPV infections, electronic databases (e.g. PubMed, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer reviewed articles in English. The study was performed between January and April of 2019 and comprises a review of six relevant articles that were published prior to 2013. Inclusion criteria included: availability of general population data, cytology and tissue results and the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HPV detection. The overall infection rate of high-risk HPVs DNA was 173/506 (34%) and within the tissues ranged between 93 and 94% (all the paraffin sections were cancer and precancerous cases). The HPV genotyping in cervical smears were found to range from 2.9% to 50.0%, with the most prevalent types of HPV being 16 (2.9-50.0%), 18 (0-3.4%), 58 (2.9%), and 42 (2.9%). Familiarity of the frequent high risk HPV genotypes found in Sudan, which had a high prevalence of cervical cancer, is essential in order to construct an applicable genotype of the virus in the HPV vaccine. The commercially available vaccines do not prevent infection of the HPV types not contained in the vaccine. Based on this literature, it is clear that the nine-valent HPV vaccine should be considered in Sudan.
Abstract: Cervical cancer is thought to result from different high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Although many studies have been conducted worldwide regarding HPV infection and its oncogenic properties, limited data are available on the incidence and genotype specific dissemination of HPV in Sudan. The purpose of this review article is to summarize ...
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Biochemical and Physiological Basis for Treating Hydrogen Gas as a Medicine
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
100-107
Received:
7 October 2019
Accepted:
29 October 2019
Published:
6 November 2019
Abstract: Due to the activity of normal microflora, gaseous hydrogen is constantly formed in the human intestine. Thus, the constant contact of the human body with gaseous hydrogen is absolutely natural. One of the consequences of this contact is that the internal organs of a person are in a peculiar gas gradient formed, on the one hand, by gaseous hydrogen of intestinal origin, and on the other, by gaseous oxygen of air. Since gaseous hydrogen is an electron donor in an aqueous medium, and gaseous oxygen is their typical acceptor, the internal organs of a person find themselves in an electrostatic field, the intensity of which depends mainly on the content of hydrogen gas in the intestine. Despite the fact that this is practically obvious, the influence of such an electrostatic field on the state of the internal organs of a person, in particular, on the movement of ions in them, is usually not taken into account. Also, the exceptional penetrating power of hydrogen gas is not taken into account, due to which it can penetrate from the human intestine into the cells of other tissues and replace typical biological oxidation substrates in them. Thus, it can be expected that by controlling the formation of gaseous hydrogen in the intestine, one can also control the activity of human metabolism. For this reason, various methods that can increase the content of gaseous hydrogen in the intestines of a person may be of medical interest. Also, doctors may be interested in those sources of atomic hydrogen, the use of which can increase its content in other parts of the human body, in particular, some alternative medicine. All of this is discussed here. In addition, the medical significance of carbon dioxide, which initiates the decomposition of water into atomic hydrogen and molecular oxygen, is also analyzed here.
Abstract: Due to the activity of normal microflora, gaseous hydrogen is constantly formed in the human intestine. Thus, the constant contact of the human body with gaseous hydrogen is absolutely natural. One of the consequences of this contact is that the internal organs of a person are in a peculiar gas gradient formed, on the one hand, by gaseous hydrogen ...
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Incidence and Risk Factors of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-related Complications in Patients with Different Disease Types
Cao Mingkun,
Yin Yuxia,
Gao Wei,
Feng Shengyu,
Wang Dengxu,
Wan Min,
Liu Chenghu,
Wang Luning,
Ge Junbo,
Zhang Haijun
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
108-111
Received:
29 September 2019
Accepted:
31 October 2019
Published:
7 November 2019
Abstract: Background: Cancer patients or critical patients need reliable vascular access to meet the requirements of transporting therapeutic drugs or nutrients. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are widely used in these patients, however, the incidence of PICC-related complications is high and the data on specific diseases are not yet clear. Methods: We collected geographic characteristics and insertion information of patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, digestive tract tumor and ICU status who underwent PICC during May 2017 to June 2018. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to estimate the risk factors of PICC-related complications. Results: 634 lung cancer, 979 breast cancer, 1453 digestive tract cancer, and 374 ICU status patients were enrolled in the study with 351 (10.2%) developed complications. There was no difference in the distribution of complications among different disease types (P>0.05). Drinking (OR 2.15, 95 CI% 1.05-3.69, P=0.012) and prior surgery (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.05-3.69, P=0.035) were risk factors of breast cancer patients. Prior surgery (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.54-4.09, P<0.001) and site of PICC (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.10-2.23, P=0.014) were the influenced factors of digestive tract tumor patients. Complications of ICU status patients were influenced by smoke (OR 5.83, 95% CI 1.30-26.14, P=0.021) and prior surgery (OR 3.43, 95% CI 1.44-8.13, P=0.005). Conclusion: The targeted and reasonable prevention and nursing care should be focused on by medical staff.
Abstract: Background: Cancer patients or critical patients need reliable vascular access to meet the requirements of transporting therapeutic drugs or nutrients. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are widely used in these patients, however, the incidence of PICC-related complications is high and the data on specific diseases are not yet clear. M...
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Spectrum of Paediatric Intestinal Obstruction in a Tertiary Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria
Chukwubuike Kevin Emeka,
Ozor Ignatius Ikemefuna,
Enebe Joseph Tochukwu
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
112-116
Received:
16 October 2019
Accepted:
7 November 2019
Published:
17 November 2019
Abstract: Background: Paediatric intestinal obstruction is a common surgical emergency and is associated with lots of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. Paediatric intestinal obstruction differs from adult intestinal obstruction in terms of aetiology, presentation, management and outcome. This study reports the demography, diagnosis, management and outcome of paediatric intestinal obstruction in pediatric surgical unit of a tertiary hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a retrospective study of paediatric patients who presented with intestinal obstruction to the paediatric surgical unit of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH) Enugu, South East Nigeria. Children above one month of age but below 15 years, who presented with symptoms and signs of intestinal obstruction, were recruited for the study. Intestinal obstruction in neonates was excluded from this study. The study period was for one year, from January 1st 2018 to December 31st 2018. Result: During the period of the study 45 cases, 30 (66.7%) males and 15 (33.3%) females were managed. The mean age of the patients was 52.2 months. Abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom and intussusception was the most common cause of intestinal obstruction. Forty two patients (93.3%) did well and were discharged. Two patients (4.4%) died while one patient (2.2%) was discharged against medical advice. Conclusion: Intussusception was the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in the current study. The mortality of 4.4% recorded in this study can be improved upon.
Abstract: Background: Paediatric intestinal obstruction is a common surgical emergency and is associated with lots of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. Paediatric intestinal obstruction differs from adult intestinal obstruction in terms of aetiology, presentation, management and outcome. This study reports the demography, diagnosis,...
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Determination of Microalbuminuraia and Its Relation to HTN in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and General People
Nowshin Monir,
Zebunnesa Zeba,
Sharmin Sultana,
Ijajul Islam
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
117-122
Received:
23 October 2019
Accepted:
12 November 2019
Published:
26 November 2019
Abstract: Background: Microalbuminuria is a clinical marker of glomerular injury and identified as a risk of progressive renal damage, cardiovascular disease and morbidity. Hypertension (HTN) is a worldwide public health problem andcommonly coexists with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Objective: The aim of the study was todetermine the prevalence of microalbuminuriain type 2diabetic patients and general people and the relationship between microalbuminuria withHTN and other clinical parametersin these twogroups of people. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a pretested structured questionnaire amongrandomly selected107 participants aged from 35-70 years. Out of 107 participants 64 persons were type 2 diabetic patients and 43 were healthy individuals. Biochemical analysis of blood and urine samples was performed. Result: The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 17.2% in diabetic patients and 25.6% ingeneral people whereas the prevalence of HTN was 48.4% among diabetic patients and 51.6% in normal healthy persons. Regardless of the group considered, when microalbuminuria was analyzed according to the different clinical parameters, microalbuminuricpatients had significantly highersystolic (p=0.03) diastolic (p=0.02) blood pressure, urine creatinine (p=0.000), serum creatinine (p=0.012), urine albumin (p=0.019) and GFR (p=0.000). Microalbuminuria was found to be associated with HTN (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-9.7). Conclusion: The study concluded thatmicroalbuminuria prevalence is high among general people and HTN has a significant relationship with microalbuminuria. These findings suggest early screening of microalbuminuria and the proper management of other clinical parameters to halt and prevent end stage renal disease and cardiovascular risk in future.
Abstract: Background: Microalbuminuria is a clinical marker of glomerular injury and identified as a risk of progressive renal damage, cardiovascular disease and morbidity. Hypertension (HTN) is a worldwide public health problem andcommonly coexists with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Objective: The aim of the study was todetermine the prevalence of microalbuminuri...
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Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Mustafa Mohamed Abdulateef,
Rushdi Abdulhameed Abdulameer,
Laith Hikmet Muhsun
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
123-129
Received:
2 August 2019
Accepted:
20 November 2019
Published:
4 December 2019
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans, with more than 50% of the world’s population infected with these bacteria It is a micro-aerophilic, slow-growing, gram-negative spiral bacterium that colonizes the mucous lining of the human stomach. Warren and Marshall first cultured and identified the organism as Campylobacter pylori in 1982. In 1989, it was renamed and recognized to be associated closely with antral gastritis (gastric and duodenal ulcers in adults and children). Further evidence supported a link between chronic gastritis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in adults and malignancy, specifically gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Infection with this bacterium has been identified as a cause of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Globally, the prevalence of H. pylori-related infection is high compared to any other infectious diseases, and the rate of prevalence much higher in developing countries than in developed nations.
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans, with more than 50% of the world’s population infected with these bacteria It is a micro-aerophilic, slow-growing, gram-negative spiral bacterium that colonizes the mucous lining of the human stomach. Warren and Marshall first cultured and identified the organism a...
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